Task 4
Instructions
Deconstruct the texts by filling in the
spaces in the table below.
|
No
|
Text
|
Structures
|
Contents
|
|
1
|
Text
1
|
Introduction
|
Where, who, when, and what
The Eiffel
Tower is a wrought
iron lattice
tower on the Champ
de Mars in Paris, France.
It
is named after the engineer Gustave
Eiffel, whose
company designed and built the tower. Constructed from 1887–89 as the
entrance to the 1889
World's Fair, it was initially criticized by some of
France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, but it has become
a global cultural icon
of France
and one of the most recognisable structures in the world. The Eiffel
Tower is the most-visited paid monument in the world; 6.91 million people
ascended it in 2015.
|
|
Description:
|
|
||
|
Detailed information 1
|
The height
The
tower is 324 metres (1,063 ft) tall, about
the same height as an 81-storey building, and the tallest
structure in Paris. Its base is square, measuring 125 metres (410
ft) on each side. During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed
the Washington Monument to become the tallest
man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years until
the Chrysler
Building in New
York City was
finished in 1930. Due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial
at
the top of the tower in 1957, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by
5.2 metres (17 ft). Excluding transmitters, the Eiffel Tower is the second
tallest structure in France after the Millau
Viaduct.
|
||
|
Detailed information 2
|
The parts
The tower has
three levels for visitors, with restaurants on the first and second levels.
The top level's
upper platform is
276 m (906 ft) above
the ground –
the highest observation deck
accessible to the
public in the
European Union. Tickets
can be purchased to ascend by
stairs or lift (elevator) to the first and second levels. The climb from
ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the climb from the
first level to the second. Although there is a staircase to the top level, it
is usually accessible only by lift.
|
||
|
2
|
Text
2
|
Introduction
|
What, How, Who, Where and When
Democracy, in
modern usage, is a system
of government in
which the citizens exercise power directly or elect
representatives from among themselves to form a governing body, such as
a parliament. Democracy is sometimes
referred to as "rule of the majority". Democracy is a system of
processing conflicts in which outcomes depend on what participants do, but no
single force controls what occurs and its outcomes.
The uncertainty
of outcomes is
inherent in democracy,
which makes all forces
struggle repeatedly for the realization of their interests, being the
devolution of power from a group of people to a set of rules. Western democracy, as distinct from that
which existed in pre-modern societies, is generally considered to have originated
in city states such as Classical
Athens and the Roman Republic, where
various schemes and degrees of enfranchisement of the free male population
were observed before the form disappeared in the West at the beginning
of late antiquity. The English word
dates to the 16th century, from the older Middle French and Middle Latin
equivalents.
|
|
Description:
|
|
||
|
Detailed information 1
|
Four key Elements in democracy
According to political
scientist Larry Diamond, democracy consists of four
key elements: a political system for choosing and replacing the
government through free and fair elections; the active participation of the people,
as citizens, in politics and civic life; protection of the human rights of all citizens; a rule of law, in which the laws and procedures apply
equally to all citizens.
|
||
|
Detailed information 2
|
The History of democracy
The term
appeared in the
5th century BC, to
denote the political
systems then existing in Greek city-states, notably Athens, to mean "rule of the
people", in contrast to aristocracy (ἀριστοκρατία, aristokratía),
meaning "rule of an elite". While theoretically these definitions
are in opposition,
in practice the
distinction has been
blurred historically. The
political system of Classical Athens, for example, granted democratic
citizenship to free men and excluded slaves and women from political
participation. In virtually all democratic governments throughout ancient and
modern history, democratic citizenship consisted of an elite class until full
enfranchisement was won for all adult citizens in most modern democracies
through the suffrage movements of the
19th and 20th centuries
|
||
|
Detailed information 3
|
The fact of democracy in government
Democracy contrasts
with forms of government where power is either held by an individual, as in
an absolute monarchy, or where power
is held by a small number of individuals, as in an oligarchy. Nevertheless, these oppositions,
inherited from Greek philosophy, are
now ambiguous because contemporary governments have mixed democratic, oligarchic,
and monarchic elements.
Karl Popper defined
democracy in contrast to
dictatorship or tyranny,
thus focusing on opportunities for
the people to control their leaders and to oust them without the need
for a revolution.
|
